Legit NAD

References / citation index

Every NAD+ study cited across this digest

The full reference list - randomized trials, mechanistic work and reviews - each with a DOI and a PubMed link so any claim on this site can be checked at its source.

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How to read this list

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below. Human randomized trials are the strongest tier (Yoshino 2021, Yi 2023, Conze 2019); mechanistic and genetic work in cells and mice sits a tier down (Camacho-Pereira 2016, Nakahata 2009, Agerholm 2018, Tempel 2007); observational human work (Gomes 2013, Migliavacca 2019) and narrative reviews (Covarrubias 2021, Imai 2014, Mendelsohn 2017, Zhu 2022, and the 2025 Nature Metabolism review) frame the field. Each entry links to PubMed; DOIs are included for direct resolution.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Gomes AP, Price NL, Ling AJY, et al. Declining NAD(+) induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging. Cell. 2013;155(7):1624-1638. ↗
  7. Imai S, Guarente L. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;24(8):464-471. ↗
  8. Covarrubias AJ, Kale A, Perrone R, et al. Senescent cells promote tissue NAD(+) decline during ageing via the activation of CD38(+) macrophages. Nat Metab. 2020;2(11):1265-1283. ↗
  9. Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. The NAD+/PARP1/SIRT1 Axis in Aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2017;20(3):244-247. ↗
  10. Nakahata Y, Sahar S, Astarita G, Kaluzova M, Sassone-Corsi P. Circadian control of the NAD+ salvage pathway by CLOCK-SIRT1. Science. 2009;324(5927):654-657. ↗
  11. Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD(+) biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5808. ↗
  12. Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, et al. Perturbations of NAD(+) salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314(4):E377-E395. ↗
  13. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. From Rate-Limiting Enzyme to Therapeutic Target: The Promise of NAMPT in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  14. Zhu Y, Xu P, Huang X, et al. (NAMPT as the salvage-pathway rate-limiting step; hippocampal expression linked to neural stem/progenitor NAD biosynthesis.) Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:920113. ↗
  15. Tempel W, Rabeh WM, Bogan KL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinase structures reveal new pathways to NAD+. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(10):e263. ↗
  16. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. (Narrative review: human efficacy for hard clinical endpoints remains limited; tissue NAD+ data sparse. Context for IV-NAD+ pharmacokinetics, the FDA Class I endotoxin recall of a compounded NAD+ injection, the contested NMN supplement status, WADA status, and supplement-purity variability.) ↗